It may be agued that some of the studies we cite should be disregarded, as they have not been published in the peer reviewed literature. Our reply is that the peer review system is suspect. Some of the studies which were so published ought not to have passed reviewers' scrutiny (e.g. Darby 1993, Parkin 1996); some have been rejected on demonstrably false grounds (e.g. Stewart 2000 - see reference below and text for reviewers' opinions: the Second Event theory - reviewers' opinions are reproduced in Busby 1995).

This is a quis custodiet? problem - the reviewers are in many cases inside the establishment. At the same time they publish voluminously without review. For example, Dr.McKinley, head of the Non-Ionising Radiation Department of the NRPB was cross-examined as expert witness for the defence in a recent court case. Asked about his qualifications and publications, Dr. McKinley said that he had obtained his Doctorate at the Paisley College of Technology after he had started working for the NRPB, and that his entire working career had been with NRPB. He said he had written over a hundred papers but that none of them had been subject to peer review - his work had mainly been published by the NRPB itself. The one work cited by the defence as an external publication was an EU experts group review of previous research; Dr.McKinley himself chaired the group. His expertise is solely in dosimetry and he said he was unqualified to answer any questions about biology or the biological effects of non-ionising radiation.

Similarly, the studies which underlie the Council Directive 96/29 (Basic Safety Standards) are in-house publications by the nuclear industry, its regulators, and the secretive Article 31 Group of experts which advises the European Commission on radiation protection matters. Public scrutiny and informed political debate are not permitted.

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Busby 1998c Recalculating the "Second Event" Error: A reworking of the probabilities of Second Event damage to cells relative to Natural Background radiation: An extension of an argument contained in presentations to the International Congress on Risks to Workers and Members of the Public from Low Level Ionising Radiation, Muenster, March 19th 1998 and also to the Science and Technology Options Assessment Workshop of the European Parliament held in Brussels, February 5th 1998. Green Audit Occasional Papers (full paper on this site.)

Busby 1998d     Pers. comm.

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Busby and Scott-Cato 1998a Exposure to internal radioisotopes may be responsible; BMJ 1998;316:1672 ( 30 May )

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Cox, R, 1996, pp 111 - 114 in Bramhall 1996

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Dietze G. 1997 EULEP EURADOS UIR / European Radiation Protection Research newsletter No. 1 August 1997, p 13

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Doll, R. "Defamatory article by Martin Walker"; Occupational and Environmental Medicine 2001; 58: 136 (www.occenvmed.com)

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Lancet Volume 356, Number 9223 01 July 2000 Mortality among UK Gulf War veterans Gary J Macfarlane, Elaine Thomas, Nicola Cherry.

LLRC 1997 Radioactive Times vol. 2 no. 2 p15 & no. 3 p 11

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Miller R.C, Randers-Pehrson G, Geard C. R, Hall E. J, Brenner D. J, 1999: The oncogenic transforming potential of the passage of single alpha particles through mammalian cell nuclei" Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 19-22 1999

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Muirhead et al. Journal of Radiological Protection 19; 1 - 24 (March 1999)

NRPB 1995 "Risk of radiation-induced cancer at low doses and low dose rates for radiation protection purposes" Documents of the NRPB Vol. 6 No. 1 1995 ISBN 0-85951-386-6

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OECD 1996: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Nuclear Energy Agency's Co-operative Programme on Decommissioning of Nuclear Installations Task Group study of problems and possible critieria associated with the recycling and reuse of metallic materials resulting from decommissioning. Reported in 1996. We're told it's at http://www.nea.fr/html/rwm/reports/1996/recycling.pdf, but we haven't checked.

Parkin et al. 1996 Childhood leukaemia in Europe after Chernobyl: 5 year follow-up BJC (1996) 73 1006-1012

Petridou, E. Trichopoulos, D. . Dessypris, N. et al. (1996) 'Infant leukemia after in utero exposure to radiation from Chernobyl,' Nature, 382: 352-353.

Popplewell DS Ham GJ Johnson TE Barry SF 1985 "Plutonium in autopsy tissue in Great Britain" Health Physics 49 304

Popplewell DS 1986 "Plutonium in autopsy tissue in Great Britain" NRPB 74 Chilton 1986

Popplewell DS Ham GJ Dodd NJ Shuttler SD Plutonium and Cs-137 in Autopsy tissues in Great Britain Science of the Total Environment 70 (1988) 321 - 334

Priest, N. D., O’Donnell, R.G., Mitchell, P. I., Strange, L., Fox, A., Henshaw, D. L., and Long, S. C. (1997), ‘Variations in the concentration of plutonium, strontium-90 and total alpha emitters in human teeth collected within the British Isles’, Science of the Total Environment, 201, 235-243.

European Commission 1993: "Principles and Methods for Establishing Concentrations and Quantities (Exemption Values) below which Reporting is not required in the European Directive"; Commission of the European Communities 1993 XI-028/93

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Eve Roman, Pat Doyle, Noreen Maconochie, Graham Davies, Peter G Smith, and Valerie Beral Cancer in children of nuclear industry employees: report on children aged under 25 years from nuclear industry family study. BMJ 1999; 318: 1443-1450. 29th May 1999

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Sternglass 1981 "Secret Fallout" New York, McGraw Hill. back to text of page 2

Sternglass 1996 in Bramhall1997 pp.126-7

Steward, J.1994 Investigation of the incidence of cancer around Wylfa and Trawsfynydd nuclear installations 1974 to 1986; Welsh Office Report A:EMJ28, May 1994.
NOTE: Dr Steward has told Dr Busby that he was the author of this paper. In July 1999 he told LLRC (in a telephone conversation) that he did not. LLRC wrote to the Chief Medical Officer for Wales to ask who did write the paper (and, since peer review seems to be such a big deal, who reviewed it) But she didn't know. Another failure of the peer review system.

Stewart, A. M. 1982 Delayed effects of A-bomb radiation: a review of recent mortality rates and risk estimates for five-year survivors. J. Epidemiology and Community Health 26/2: 80-6

Stewart, A. M. 2000 long unpublished [see below]. Professor Alice Stewart, one of the longest standing and most respected critics of the radiological establishment, had this work rejected by three Journals in the 1990s. (This is not a novel experience for Pr. Stewart!) One of the referees' opinions included the following:
          ... it is very odd that burns have been included in the analysis of this paper; this hardly seems to            be an effect caused by exposure to radiation.
Pr. Stewart presented this material to:
Standing Conference on Low Level Radiation and Health, Bristol 1997,
Nuclear Free Local Authorities Conference, Manchester 6th March 1998,
International Congress on Risks to Workers and Members of the Public from Low Level Ionising Radiation, Muenster, March 19th 1998 and also to the
Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA) Workshop of the European Parliament held in Brussels, February 5th 1998.
It has now been published: A bomb survivors: factors that may lead to a re-assessment of the radiation hazard: International Journal of Epidemiology 29 no. 4 (4 Aug 2000)
and see The Survivor New Scientist 5 Aug. 2000 p45-47
and The Woman Who Knew Too Much Gayle Greene, U.Michigan Press ISBN 0472111078

STOA 1998 Workshop Report "Survey and Evaluation of of criticism of basic safety standards for the protection of workers and the public against ionising radiation" European Parliament STOA Unit, Brussels
The European Commission has lost the report. The abstracts of presentations are on this site

Sutcliffe, C. 1987 The Dangers of Low Level Radiation; Avebury 1987 some extracts on NRPB's shortcomings are on this site

Tamplin, A. R. Gofman, J. W. 1970. The Radiation Effects Controversy, Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, 26/2: 5-8

Viel, J. F., Pobel, D., and Carre, A. (1995) Incidence of Leukaemia in Young People around the la Hague Waste Reprocessing Plant, a Sensitivity Analysis, Statistics in Medicine 14: 2459-72.

Viel, J-F. Pobel, D. 1997 British Medical J. 7074 vol.314 11 Jan. 1997

Wales Cancer Registry Occasional Paper Bone Cancer in Wales August 1996

Watson, W. and Sumner, D. 1996 Measurement of radioactivity in people living near the Dounreay nuclear establishment, Caithness, Scotland. I. J. Rad. Biol. 70 (2), 117 - 130 (1996)

J L Wiemels, G Cazzaniga, M Daniotti, O B Eden, G M Addison, G Masera, V Saha, A Biondi, M F Greaves
Prenatal origin of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in children:
Lancet Volume 354, Number 9189 30 October 1999

Whyte, R. K. 1992. First Day Neonatal Mortality since 1935; a Re-examination of the Cross Hypothesis: British Medical Journal 304:343-6 (1992)

Whyte, R. K. 1996 letter to LLRC in Bramhall 1997 page 129

Ziggel 1998 Evidence of the impact on health of normal operation of nuclear facilities: in STOA 1998

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Categories of evidence:
1) studies on which radiation protection standards are based, and those which undermine them:
2) epidemiological studies showing a risk not accounted for by NRPB/ ICRP model
3) studies which are said to demonstrate that there is no unappreciated risk but which have demonstrable flaws or which do, in fact, show an excess risk.
4) animal studies
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